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rabbit polyclonal anti occludin  (Proteintech)


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    Structured Review

    Proteintech rabbit polyclonal anti occludin
    Rabbit Polyclonal Anti Occludin, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1555 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+occludin/Occludin+Antibody/pm41657037-57-25-32
    Average 96 stars, based on 1555 article reviews
    rabbit polyclonal anti occludin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Incubation:

    Article Title: A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor W2A-16 improves the barrier integrity in brain vascular endothelial cells
    Article Snippet: After fixation, cells were permeabilized with PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat No. X100) and blocked with Protein Block Serum-Free Ready-To-Use (Agilent Technologies, Cat No. X0909, Santa Clara, CA, United States). .. Cells were incubated with primary antibodies in background-reducing dilution buffer (Agilent Technologies, Cat No. S3022) overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-ZO-1 (1: 200 dilution; Invitrogen, Cat No. 33–9,100, Carlsbad, CA, United States, clone ZO1-1A12), mouse monoclonal anti-claudin-5 (1:200 dilution; Invitrogen, Cat No. 35–2,500, clone 4C3C2), mouse monoclonal anti-CD31 (1:50 dilution; R&D Systems, Cat No. BBA7, Minneapolis, USA, clone 9G11), rabbit polyclonal anti-occludin (1:400 dilution; Proteintech Group, Cat No. 27260-1-AP, Chicago, IL), mouse monoclonal anti-VE-cadherin (1:50 dilution; Cat No. sc-9989, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, United States), mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin (1:500 dilution; BD Biosciences, Cat No. 610154, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-TMEM100 (1:300 dilution; Proteintech Group, Cat No. 25581-1-AP), rabbit polyclonal anti-DHH (1:300 dilution; Proteintech Group, Cat No. 13889-1-AP), rabbit polyclonal anti-PADI2 (1:300 dilution; Proteintech Group, Cat No. 12110-1-AP), mouse polyclonal anti-Annexin A1 (1:100 dilution; Novus Biologicals, Cat. No. NBP2-23485, Littleton, CO, United States), and mouse polyclonal anti-TSG6 (1:300 dilution; R&D Systems, Cat. AF2104), subsequently subjected to incubation with Alexa 488- and Alexa 568-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) for 2 h at room temperature. .. The cells were counterstained with DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat No. 62248) at 1: 5000 in PBS for nuclei visualization.

    Article Title: Foodborne PET Microplastic Contamination Compromises Intestinal Barrier through a Mitochondrial-AMPK-DNA Damage Pathway.
    Article Snippet: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics (PET-MPs), prevalent dietary contaminants, pose potential risks to intestinal health; yet underlying mechanisms of sustained exposure remain poorly defined.. We evaluated the toxicity of gastrointestinal-digested PET-MPs in a human intestinal epithelial coculture model for 24 h. Digested PET-MPs triggered cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, barrier disruption, and dysregulated cytokines, impairing epithelial homeostasis.. Untargeted metabolomics identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a perturbed node.

    Article Title: Prevotella copri transplantation promotes neurorehabilitation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury
    Article Snippet: The sample proteins (20 μg/lane) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‒PAGE) (Invitrogen) and transferred onto polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA). .. Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 1 hour at room temperature and then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, including rabbit monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:5000, ab213262, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal antiZO-1 (1:1000, 21773-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-Occludin (1:1000, 27260-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit monoclonal anti-Bcl-2 (1:1000, ab182858, Abcam), rabbit monoclonal anti-Bax (1:1000, ab182733, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-p-Akt (1:1000, 28731-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-Akt (1:1000, 10176-2-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-p-PI3K (1:1000, #4228, Cell Signaling), and rabbit polyclonal anti-PI3K (1:1000, 60225-1-lg, Proteintech). .. After being washed with Tris-buffered saline/Tween-20, membranes were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated A niPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5000; SA00001-2, RRID: AB_2722564, Proteintech).

    Article Title: Prevotella copri transplantation promotes neurorehabilitation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury
    Article Snippet: The sample proteins (20 μg/lane) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‒PAGE) (Invitrogen) and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA). .. Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature and then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies, including rabbit monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:5000, ab213262, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-ZO-1 (1:1000, 21773-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-Occludin (1:1000, 27260-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit monoclonal anti-Bcl-2 (1:1000, ab182858, Abcam), rabbit monoclonal anti-Bax (1:1000, ab182733, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-p-Akt (1:1000, 28731-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-Akt (1:1000, 10176-2-AP, Proteintech), rabbit polyclonal anti-p-PI3K (1:1000, #4228, Cell Signaling), and rabbit polyclonal anti-PI3K (1:1000, 60225-1-lg, Proteintech). .. After being washed with Tris-buffered saline/Tween-20, membranes were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5000; SA00001-2, RRID: AB_2722564, Proteintech).

    Article Title: Live and pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila decrease susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice.
    Article Snippet: Then the sample was transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Life Technologies, USA) in ice at a constant current 300 mA for 90 min. .. The nitrocellulose membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 C. The information of primary antibodies was listed as follows: rabbit polyclonal antiMucin 2 (1:1000; Proteintech, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-ZO1 (1:1000; Abclonal, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-Occludin (1:1000; Proteintech, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-Claudin3 (1:5000; Proteintech, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-TLR4 (1:1000; Abclonal, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-NLRP3 (1:1000; Abclonal, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-Caspase-1 (1:1000; Abcam, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-IL-1b (1:1000; CST, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-iNOS (1:1000; Abclonal), mouse polyclonal anti- Reg3b (1;1:1000; R&D, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti- Reg3c (1:1000; Abclonal, China), and mouse or rabbits monoclonal anti-b-actin (1:2000, Beyotime, China) for overnight. ..

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Foodborne PET Microplastic Contamination Compromises Intestinal Barrier through a Mitochondrial-AMPK-DNA Damage Pathway.
    Article Snippet: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics (PET-MPs), prevalent dietary contaminants, pose potential risks to intestinal health; yet underlying mechanisms of sustained exposure remain poorly defined.. We evaluated the toxicity of gastrointestinal-digested PET-MPs in a human intestinal epithelial coculture model for 24 h. Digested PET-MPs triggered cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, barrier disruption, and dysregulated cytokines, impairing epithelial homeostasis.. Untargeted metabolomics identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a perturbed node.

    Control:

    Article Title: Foodborne PET Microplastic Contamination Compromises Intestinal Barrier through a Mitochondrial-AMPK-DNA Damage Pathway.
    Article Snippet: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics (PET-MPs), prevalent dietary contaminants, pose potential risks to intestinal health; yet underlying mechanisms of sustained exposure remain poorly defined.. We evaluated the toxicity of gastrointestinal-digested PET-MPs in a human intestinal epithelial coculture model for 24 h. Digested PET-MPs triggered cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, barrier disruption, and dysregulated cytokines, impairing epithelial homeostasis.. Untargeted metabolomics identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a perturbed node.



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    Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and <t>occludin</t> expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.
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    Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and <t>occludin</t> expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.
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    Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and <t>occludin</t> expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.
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    Proteintech rabbit anti occludin polyclonal pab
    Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and <t>occludin</t> expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.
    Rabbit Anti Occludin Polyclonal Pab, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Image Search Results


    Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and occludin expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Chitosan alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by reducing acetate levels, which decreases inflammation and promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01511

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Chitosan treatment repairs damaged intestinal and blood–brain barriers in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Chitosan administration significantly increased ZO-1 and occludin expression levels, as detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) Chitosan treatment significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue compared with the MPTP-induced PD group, and the fluorescence intensities of ZO-1 and occludin in PD group were lower than those in the control group. Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Compared with MPTP-induced PD mice, chitosan treatment significantly decreased serum FITC-dextran levels, which are a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. (D) EB was used to monitor BBB permeability, and results were normalized to the control group. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced BBB damage. (E) EB measured by fluorescence microscopy imaging. Chitosan significantly restored BBB compared with MPTP-induced PD mice. Scale bars: 500 μm (upper) and 50 μm (lower). (F) EB of brain in mice measured by microplate reader. Chitosan treatment significantly decreased EB content compared with MPTP mice. All data are presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EB: Evans blue; FITC-Dextran: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used were as follows: rabbit anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase polyclonal antibody (GAPDH; 1:10,000, Proteintech, Wuhan, Hubei, China, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076), rabbit anti-TH polyclonal antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 25859-1-AP, RRID: AB_2716568), rabbit anti-zonula occludens-1 polyclonal antibody (ZO-1; 1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 21773-1-AP, RRID: AB_10733242), rabbit anti-occludin polyclonal antibody (1:15,000, Proteintech, Cat# 27260-1-AP, RRID: AB_2880820), rabbit anti-AMPKα polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, Cat# 2532, RRID: AB_330331), rabbit anti-phospho-AMPKα monoclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250), and rabbit anti-PPARD polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab23673, RRID: AB_2165902).

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Fluorescence, Permeability, Microscopy, Imaging

    Acetate reverses chitosan-mediated repair of the intestinal barrier, increased inflammation in the colon, plasma, and SN, and promotes microglia activation in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Colon length ( n = 5/group). (B) ZO-1 and occludin expression, as assessed by western blot ( n = 3/group). All target proteins were normalized to the reference protein GAPDH. Compared with the chitosan group, acetate supplementation reduced ZO-1 and occludin expression levels. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). The immunofluorescence results were consistent with the western blot results. Scale bars: 10 μm. (D) The relative mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in mouse colon tissue were measured by QPCR ( n = 3/group). Compared with the chitosan group, acetate supplementation resulted in an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS expression levels in the colon. The data shown in B-D were normalized to the control group. (E) The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, in mouse plasma were measured by ELISA ( n = 5/group). Compared with the chitosan group, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the plasma of the acetate group, while IL-10 expression was significantly decreased. (F) The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS (normalized to the control group) in mouse SN tissue were determined via QPCR ( n = 3/group). Treatment with acetate enhanced TNF-α expression and decreased IL-6 and IL-10 expression in the SN. (G) Representative images of immunofluorescence staining for Iba1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and TH (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in the SN ( n = 3/group). The chitosan group exhibited fewer microglia than the MPTP group, while the chitosan + acetate group exhibited more microglia than the chitosan-only group. Scale bars: 50 μm. All data are presented as the mean ± SD. All experiments were repeated at least three times. * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test [A–C, G] or unpaired t -test [D–F]). DAPI: 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Iba1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-10: interleukin-10; iNOS: inductible nitric oxide synthase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; n.s.: no significance; NaA: sodium acetate; PD: Parkinson’s disease; QPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SN: substantia nigra; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Chitosan alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by reducing acetate levels, which decreases inflammation and promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01511

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Acetate reverses chitosan-mediated repair of the intestinal barrier, increased inflammation in the colon, plasma, and SN, and promotes microglia activation in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A) Colon length ( n = 5/group). (B) ZO-1 and occludin expression, as assessed by western blot ( n = 3/group). All target proteins were normalized to the reference protein GAPDH. Compared with the chitosan group, acetate supplementation reduced ZO-1 and occludin expression levels. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). The immunofluorescence results were consistent with the western blot results. Scale bars: 10 μm. (D) The relative mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in mouse colon tissue were measured by QPCR ( n = 3/group). Compared with the chitosan group, acetate supplementation resulted in an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS expression levels in the colon. The data shown in B-D were normalized to the control group. (E) The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, in mouse plasma were measured by ELISA ( n = 5/group). Compared with the chitosan group, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the plasma of the acetate group, while IL-10 expression was significantly decreased. (F) The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS (normalized to the control group) in mouse SN tissue were determined via QPCR ( n = 3/group). Treatment with acetate enhanced TNF-α expression and decreased IL-6 and IL-10 expression in the SN. (G) Representative images of immunofluorescence staining for Iba1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and TH (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in the SN ( n = 3/group). The chitosan group exhibited fewer microglia than the MPTP group, while the chitosan + acetate group exhibited more microglia than the chitosan-only group. Scale bars: 50 μm. All data are presented as the mean ± SD. All experiments were repeated at least three times. * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test [A–C, G] or unpaired t -test [D–F]). DAPI: 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Iba1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-10: interleukin-10; iNOS: inductible nitric oxide synthase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; n.s.: no significance; NaA: sodium acetate; PD: Parkinson’s disease; QPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SN: substantia nigra; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used were as follows: rabbit anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase polyclonal antibody (GAPDH; 1:10,000, Proteintech, Wuhan, Hubei, China, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076), rabbit anti-TH polyclonal antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 25859-1-AP, RRID: AB_2716568), rabbit anti-zonula occludens-1 polyclonal antibody (ZO-1; 1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 21773-1-AP, RRID: AB_10733242), rabbit anti-occludin polyclonal antibody (1:15,000, Proteintech, Cat# 27260-1-AP, RRID: AB_2880820), rabbit anti-AMPKα polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, Cat# 2532, RRID: AB_330331), rabbit anti-phospho-AMPKα monoclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250), and rabbit anti-PPARD polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab23673, RRID: AB_2165902).

    Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Binding Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Chitosan may reduce acetate levels, thereby activating the PPARD-AMPK signaling pathway, which promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and reduces neuroinflammation in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A, B) Western blot analysis of p-AMPK, AMPK, and PPARD levels in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). Treatment with acetate significantly increased p-AMPK and PPARD expression. (C) Treatment with a PPARD antagonist significantly decreased mouse body weight ( n = 6/group). (D) There were no significant differences in fall latency among the groups in the rotarod test, which was used to assess motor dysfunction ( n = 6/group). (E–G) PPARD antagonist treatment significantly decreased PPARD, TH, ZO-1, and occludin expression, as determined by western blot ( n = 3/group). (H) Immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). The PPARD antagonist treatment group exhibited markedly reduced ZO-1 and occludin mRNA expression levels in colon tissue. Scale bars: 10 μm. (I) QPCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). Treatment with the PPARD antagonist increased IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels, while IL-8 and iNOS levels were reduced. (J) ELISA was used to detect IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α expression levels in mouse plasma ( n = 5/group). IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels were significantly increased in the PPARD antagonist treatment group. (K) QPCR was used to measure mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in the SN ( n = 3/group). Treatment with the PPARD antagonist significantly increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. (L) Treatment with the PPARD antagonist reduced p-AMPK, but not AMPK, expression ( n = 3/group). GAPDH was used as the internal reference. All data are presented as the mean ± SD. All experiments were repeated at least three times. * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A, B) or unpaired t -test (C–L)). AMPK: Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 Beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-10: interleukin-10; iNOS: inductible nitric oxide synthase; n.s.: not significant; NaA: sodium acetate; p-AMPK: phosphorylation adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PPARD: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; QPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SN: substantia nigra; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Chitosan alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by reducing acetate levels, which decreases inflammation and promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01511

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Chitosan may reduce acetate levels, thereby activating the PPARD-AMPK signaling pathway, which promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and reduces neuroinflammation in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. (A, B) Western blot analysis of p-AMPK, AMPK, and PPARD levels in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). Treatment with acetate significantly increased p-AMPK and PPARD expression. (C) Treatment with a PPARD antagonist significantly decreased mouse body weight ( n = 6/group). (D) There were no significant differences in fall latency among the groups in the rotarod test, which was used to assess motor dysfunction ( n = 6/group). (E–G) PPARD antagonist treatment significantly decreased PPARD, TH, ZO-1, and occludin expression, as determined by western blot ( n = 3/group). (H) Immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488) and occludin (red, Alexa Fluor 594) in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). The PPARD antagonist treatment group exhibited markedly reduced ZO-1 and occludin mRNA expression levels in colon tissue. Scale bars: 10 μm. (I) QPCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in mouse colon tissue ( n = 3/group). Treatment with the PPARD antagonist increased IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels, while IL-8 and iNOS levels were reduced. (J) ELISA was used to detect IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α expression levels in mouse plasma ( n = 5/group). IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels were significantly increased in the PPARD antagonist treatment group. (K) QPCR was used to measure mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and iNOS in the SN ( n = 3/group). Treatment with the PPARD antagonist significantly increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. (L) Treatment with the PPARD antagonist reduced p-AMPK, but not AMPK, expression ( n = 3/group). GAPDH was used as the internal reference. All data are presented as the mean ± SD. All experiments were repeated at least three times. * P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A, B) or unpaired t -test (C–L)). AMPK: Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 Beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-10: interleukin-10; iNOS: inductible nitric oxide synthase; n.s.: not significant; NaA: sodium acetate; p-AMPK: phosphorylation adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PPARD: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; QPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SN: substantia nigra; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used were as follows: rabbit anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase polyclonal antibody (GAPDH; 1:10,000, Proteintech, Wuhan, Hubei, China, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076), rabbit anti-TH polyclonal antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 25859-1-AP, RRID: AB_2716568), rabbit anti-zonula occludens-1 polyclonal antibody (ZO-1; 1:5000, Proteintech, Cat# 21773-1-AP, RRID: AB_10733242), rabbit anti-occludin polyclonal antibody (1:15,000, Proteintech, Cat# 27260-1-AP, RRID: AB_2880820), rabbit anti-AMPKα polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, Cat# 2532, RRID: AB_330331), rabbit anti-phospho-AMPKα monoclonal antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250), and rabbit anti-PPARD polyclonal antibody (1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab23673, RRID: AB_2165902).

    Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Phospho-proteomics, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction